Turkish Grammar › Conjunctions
Ekleme Bağlaçları (üstelik / hatta / ayrıca / bununla birlikte)
Additive Conjunctions
Level B2Conjunctions
Conjunctions that add something new to what was said: param yok, üstelik borcum var; hatta hiç beklemediğim Ali bile geldi.
These conjunctions add NEW information or an example to what was said.
«üstelik» usually reinforces a negative or unexpected situation: «Param yok, üstelik borcum var.»
«hatta» gives an even more extreme, surprising example of what was said: «Herkes geldi, hatta yıllardır görmediğim Elçin bile geldi.»
«ayrıca» makes a neutral addition, carrying neither a positive nor a negative connotation: «Ev güzel, ayrıca ucuz.»
«bununla birlikte» is more formal and literary; it sometimes carries an additive meaning, sometimes a slight reservation: «Proje başarılı oldu, bununla birlikte bazı eksiklikler de görüldü.»
All of these conjunctions stand at the beginning of the sentence, usually set off with a comma.
«hatta» can sometimes come before a noun or adjective too, without requiring a full clause: «Çok, hatta fazla çalıştı.»
«üstelik» and «hatta» are common in everyday speech; «ayrıca» and «bununla birlikte» are more common in written and formal speech.
These conjunctions carry a stronger emphasis than the conjunction «ve» you learned in B1; they do not just add, they also emphasise the IMPORTANCE or SURPRISE of what is added.
This unit completes the connectors section and the whole of level B2.
Examples
- Param yok, üstelik borcum var.I have no money, and what's more, I'm in debt.
- Herkes geldi, hatta yıllardır görmediğim Elçin bile geldi.Everyone came, even Elçin, whom I hadn't seen in years.
- Ev güzel, ayrıca ucuz.The house is nice, and also cheap.
- Proje başarılı oldu, bununla birlikte bazı eksiklikler de görüldü.The project was successful; however, some shortcomings were also observed.
- Çok, hatta fazla çalıştı.He worked a lot — too much, even.